Continuous Copper Casting
When the molten copper is coming from the tundish (top), it is cooled down by sprays of water (right). The temperature of copper is going down below the solidification point leading to a continuous solid ingot of copper. Numerous difficulties may arise during this process such as poor cooling efficiency, defects appearing along the interface, induced thermal stress inside the ingot leading to intrinsic weakness of the semi-finished product, etc. The numerical simulation (CFD) is not only able to reproduce this complex process with great accuracy but it also provides the designer with a wealth of new information such as the speed and temperature of copper anywhere in the process, detailed description of the flow pattern, stress in the solid metal, to mention just a few.
